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Here are some general descriptions of what is expected from the work presented in your lab notebooks:
-Most importantly, your notes should demonstrate a clear understanding of the material.
-The notes should be clear and easy to follow. The reader shouldn't have to flip around too much or spend a lot of time searching for things. You shouldn't refer the reader to the manual or to any of the supplemental material posted on the course website. You shouldn't refer the reader to Wikipedia or to other online resources. Your notes need not follow a rigid format, but the reader should be able to easily follow your train of thought.
-Although a rigid format is not required, you should provide a statement of the purpose of the experiment at the beginning of your notes.
-You should provide a neatly drawn schematic of the experimental setup.
-Tables of data without any comments or without an explanation of the experimental setup are not useful.
-Plots without labeled axes are incomplete.
-Print outs of plots and/or figures should be trimmed and taped neatly into your notebooks. Loose pages and pages stapled in the notebooks represent sloppy/careless work and may not be graded.
-You should clearly explain how the data is being analyzed. For example, what, if any, approximations are being made? If fitting to a straight line, what does the slope represent? What does the y-intercept represent?
-You should explain how the uncertainties of measured values were estimated. If appropriate, you should discuss how you implemented propagation of errors. Sample calculations can be very useful.
-Most numbers require units (an exception would be, for example, when you are taking the ratio of two voltages).
-Most often, fits to data should be weighted fits. Note that Excel does not easily do weighted fits (at least as far as I know).
-There should be some kind of summary statement that reports the key results of the experiment (with uncertainties). Usually, there should be a comparison to theoretically predicted results.
Here's a link to some additional notes about maintaining a good lab notebook. There are also scanned pages from a high-quality notebook with additional comments from a "picky" TA.
Finally, here is a document that outlines what should appear in a well-done and complete PHYS 231/232 lab notebook. The document was prepared by an experienced and thorough PHYS 231/232 TA, so it's worth a read.
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Blackbody Radiation:
supplemental material:
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Blackbody Radiation Manual (.pdf)
-Here is some additional reading (.pdf)
about thermal radiation (absorption, emission, reflection). This material is well written and provides both qualitative insights and quantitative analysis.
-These notes (.pdf) provide further details for the addtional reading that is linked above.
-Here is a nice introduction to thermocouples (.pdf).
-Calibration table (.pdf) for the type-K thermocouple that you will use in this experiment.
-A couple of slides (.pdf) designed to demonstrate how to read thermocouple tables.
-You will use a program written using LabVIEW to measure temperature and record the data into a file. Download this zip file (.exe). Unzip the file and put all of its contents into the same folder. Double click the .vi (virtual instrument) file to run the program.
Note that this application will only work on a computer that has a current version of LabVIEW installed on it (like the computers in the lab).
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Boltzmann's Constant:
supplemental material:
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Boltzmann's Constant Manual (.pdf)
-Here is some additional reading (.pdf) (Evans reference).
-Here is the datasheet (.pdf) for the LM741 op amp.
-Here is the datasheet (.pdf) for the TIP31A NPN transistor.
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Brownian Motion:
supplemental material:
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Brownian Motion Manual (.pdf)
-A description of an experiment that is similar to part 1 of this project: Measuring Boltzmann’s constant using video microscopy of Brownian motion. The paper can also be found using this link.
-A description of an experiment that is similar to part 2 of this project: An Experiment to Measure Boltzmann's Constant. The paper can also be found using this link.
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Diffraction:
supplemental material:
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Diffraction Manual (.pdf)
-Here is some reading material (.pdf)
that describes sinlge-slit and double-slit diffraction. This material is well written and provides both qualitative insights and quantitative analysis.
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Franck-Hertz Experiment:
supplemental material:
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Franck-Hertz Manual (.pdf)
-Here is some additional reading (.pdf) for the Franck-Hertz experiment.
Of particular interest is the discussion about the electronic energy levels of the neon atom. Pay attention to the possible excited states and the way in which neon de-excites.
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Photoelectric Effect:
supplemental material:
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Photoelectric Effect Manual (.pdf)
-The goal of this experiment is to reproduce the resutls found in this paper. The paper can also be found in UBC's online library.
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Ruchardt's Experiment:
supplemental material:
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Ruchardt Manual (.pdf)
-You may find this Online Stopwatch
useful for timing the period of oscillations.
-Here is a program written using LabVIEW that can be used to measure the period of the pressure oscillations inside the large jar. This part of the lab is optional.
Download this zip file (.zip).
Unzip the file and put all of its contents into the same folder. Double click the .vi (virtual instrument) file to run the program. Note that this application will only work on a computer that has a current version of LabVIEW installed on it (like the computers in the lab).
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Stirling Cylce:
supplemental material:
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Stirling Cylce Manual (.pdf)
-The goal of this experiment is to reproduce some of the resutls found in this paper. The paper can also be found using this here.
-Here is a program written using LabVIEW that can be used to record the pressure versus time and volume versus time data from an oscilloscope.
Download this zip file (.zip).
Unzip the file and put all of its contents into the same folder. Double click the .vi (virtual instrument) file to run the program. Note that this application will only work on a computer that has a current version of LabVIEW installed on it (like the computers in the lab).
-Here is a Jupyter Notebook written by Nikolai Lesack that can be used to calculate the area of experimentally-measured PV diagrams. Here are some example files of various shapes that can be used for testing purposes: triangle.txt, circle.txt, ellipse_noisy.txt
-Calibration table (.pdf) for the type-K thermocouple that you will use in this experiment.
-A couple of slides (.pdf) designed to demonstrate how to read thermocouple tables.
-You will use a program written using LabVIEW to measure temperature and record the data into a file. Download this zip file (.exe). Unzip the file and put all of its contents into the same folder. Double click the .vi (virtual instrument) file to run the program.
Note that this application will only work on a computer that has a current version of LabVIEW installed on it (like the computers in the lab).
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Thermal Waves:
supplemental material:
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Thermal Waves Manual (.pdf)
-Here is a
review of Fourier Series (.pdf)
that covers the square wave.
-A YouTube video that introduces Fourier series and works out the example of a square wave.
-Thermister calibration data (.dat) (used in the one of the example Jupyter notebooks)
-Sample thermal wave data (.dat) (used in the one of the example Jupyter notebooks)
-Square wave data (.dat) for pre-lab
-Here is a sample Jupyter Notebook (.ipynb)
that shows how to convert the measured resistances to temperature and then apply a moving average to subtract background temperature. This notebook uses the thermister calibration data and the sample thermal wave data given above.
-Here is an html copy of the Jupyter notebook above (.html).
-Here is the final output (.txt) of the interpolation and moving average notebook (Corrected thermal waves T vs t data.txt).
-Here is a sample Jupyter Notebook (.ipynb)
that shows how to take the Fourier transform of your thermal waves data. This notebook uses the final output of the interpolation and moving average notebook (Corrected thermal waves T vs t data.txt).
-Here is an html copy of the Jupyter notebook above (.html).
- You will use a program written using LabVIEW to measure the resistance of all three thermisters as a function of time and record the data into a file.
Download this zip file (.zip). Unzip the file and put all of its contents into the same folder. Double click the .vi (virtual instrument) file to run the program.
Note that this application will only work on a computer that has a current version of LabVIEW installed on it (like the computers in the lab).
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